Gore I, Saphir O. Myocarditis; a classification of 1402 cases. Am Heart J. 1947;34:827–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anzini M, Merlo M, Sabbadini G, Barbati G, Finocchiaro G, Pinamonti B, et al. Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis. Circulation. 2013;128:2384–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2636–48. 48a-48d.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, Hruban RH, Clemetson DE, Howard DL, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1077–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C, Glanowska G, Wilczewski P, Niklewski T, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy: two-year follow-up results. Circulation. 2001;104:39–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mason JW, O’Connell JB, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, McManus BM, Billingham ME, et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The myocarditis treatment trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:269–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakkireddy D, Turagam MK, Yarlagadda B, Dar T, Hamblin M, Krause M, et al. Myocarditis causing premature ventricular contractions: Insights from the MAVERIC registry. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12:e007520.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pieroni M, Pelargonio G, Bartoletti S, Santangeli P, et al. Drug-refractory ventricular tachycardias after myocarditis: endocardial and epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:492–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:911–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Etheridge SP, Asaki SY. COVID-19 infection and corrected QT interval prolongation-collateral damage from our newest enemy. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e217192.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindner D, Fitzek A, Brauninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K, et al. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1281–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu YY, Chung FP, Chen YC, Tsai CF, Kao YH, Chao TF, et al. Distinctive electrophysiological characteristics of right ventricular out-flow tract cardiomyocytes. J Cell Mol Med. 2014;18:1540–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu YY, Cheng CC, Tsai CF, Lin YK, Lee TI, Chen YC, et al. Discrepant effects of heart failure on electrophysiological property in right ventricular outflow tract and left ventricular outflow tract cardiomyocytes. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131:1317–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bao J, Sun T, Yue Y, Xiong S. Macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activated by CVB3 capsid proteins contributes to the development of viral myocarditis. Mol Immunol. 2019;114:41–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wen H, Miao EA, Ting JP. Mechanisms of NOD-like receptor-associated inflammasome activation. Immunity. 2013;39:432–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao C, Veleva T, Scott L Jr, Cao S, Li L, Chen G, et al. Enhanced Cardiomyocyte NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Promotes Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation. 2018;138:2227–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Myers JM, Fairweather D, Huber SA, Cunningham MW. Autoimmune myocarditis, valvulitis, and cardiomyopathy. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2013;15:15 4 1-51.

Google Scholar 

Chen KP, Hua KF, Tsai FT, Lin TY, Cheng CY, Yang DI, et al. A selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential therapeutic approach for neuroprotection in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Qazazi R, Lima PDA, Prisco SZ, Potus F, Dasgupta A, Chen KH, et al. Macrophage-NLRP3 activation promotes right ventricle failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206:608–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee TI, Chen YC, Lin YK, Chung CC, Lu YY, Kao YH, et al. Empagliflozin attenuates myocardial sodium and calcium dysregulation and reverses cardiac remodeling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1680.

Huang SY, Chen YC, Kao YH, Lu YY, Lin YK, Higa S, et al. Calcium dysregulation increases right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmogenesis in rabbit model of chronic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:11264–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kao YH, Hsu JC, Chen YC, Lin YK, Lkhagva B, Chen SA, et al. ZFHX3 knockdown increases arrhythmogenesis and dysregulates calcium homeostasis in HL-1 atrial myocytes. Int J Cardiol. 2016;210:85–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suenari K, Chen YC, Kao YH, Cheng CC, Lin YK, Chen YJ, et al. Discrepant electrophysiological characteristics and calcium homeostasis of left atrial anterior and posterior myocytes. Basic Res Cardiol. 2011;106:65–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hove-Madsen L, Llach A, Bayes-Genis A, Roura S, Rodriguez Font E, Aris A, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased spontaneous calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in human atrial myocytes. Circulation. 2004;110:1358–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang SY, Chen YC, Kao YH, Hsieh MH, Lin YK, Chen SA, et al. Redox and activation of protein kinase a dysregulates calcium homeostasis in pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes of chronic kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e005701.

Lu YY, Huang SY, Lin YK, Chen YC, Chen YA, Chen SA, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue modulates arrhythmogenesis in right ventricle outflow tract cardiomyocytes. Europace. 2021;23:970–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kesavardhana S, Kanneganti TD. Mechanisms governing inflammasome activation, assembly and pyroptosis induction. Int Immunol. 2017;29:201–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2793–867.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peretto G, Sala S, Rizzo S, Palmisano A, Esposito A, De Cobelli F, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in myocarditis: characterization and relationships with myocardial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:1046–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1677–749.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moorman AF, Christoffels VM. Cardiac chamber formation: development, genes, and evolution. Physiol Rev. 2003;83:1223–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chien KR, Domian IJ, Parker KK. Cardiogenesis and the complex biology of regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Science. 2008;322:1494–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeGrande ST, Little SC, Nixon DJ, Wright P, Snyder J, Dun W, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac protein phosphatase 2A regulation in heart. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:1032–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Veeraraghavan R, Salama ME, Poelzing S. Interstitial volume modulates the conduction velocity-gap junction relationship. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;302:H278–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wakisaka Y, Niwano S, Niwano H, Saito J, Yoshida T, Hirasawa S, et al. Structural and electrical ventricular remodeling in rat acute myocarditis and subsequent heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;63:689–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andreoletti L, Venteo L, Douche-Aourik F, Canas F, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Jacques J, et al. Active Coxsackieviral B infection is associated with disruption of dystrophin in endomyocardial tissue of patients who died suddenly of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2207–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhaskaran A, Tung R, Stevenson WG, Kumar S. Catheter ablation of VT in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies: endocardial, epicardial and intramural approaches. Heart Lung Circ. 2019;28:84–101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kong H, Jones PP, Koop A, Zhang L, Duff HJ, Chen SR. Caffeine induces Ca2+ release by reducing the threshold for luminal Ca2+ activation of the ryanodine receptor. Biochem J. 2008;414:441–52.

Article