Sung, H. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canadian Cancer Statistics: A 2020 Special Report on Lung Cancer (Canadian Cancer Society, 2020); https://cdn.cancer.ca/-/media/files/cancer-information/resources/publications/2020-canadian-cancer-statistics-special-report/2020-canadian-cancer-statistics-special-report-en.pdf

Aberle, D. R. et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 395–409 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Koning, H. J. et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 503–513 (2020).

Moyer, V. A. & U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 160, 330–338 (2014).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Screening for Lung Cancer with Low Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) (CAG-00439N) (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2015); https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&NCAId=274

The US national lung cancer screening programme. Lung Cancer Policy Network https://www.lungcancerpolicynetwork.com/the-us-national-lung-cancer-screening-programme/ (2022).

Interactive map of lung cancer screening. Lung Cancer Policy Network https://www.lungcancerpolicynetwork.com/now-available-interactive-map-of-lung-cancer-screening-implementation/ (2022).

Schneider, E. et al. Mirror, mirror 2021: reflecting poorly—health care in the U.S. compared to other high-income countries. The Commonwealth Fund https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/mirror-mirror-2021-reflecting-poorly (2021).

Ivers, N., Brown, A. D. & Detsky, A. S. Lessons from the Canadian experience with single-payer health insurance: just comfortable enough with the status quo. JAMA Intern. Med. 178, 1250–1255 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Koning, H. J. et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 503–513 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazzone, P. J., White, C. S., Kazerooni, E. A., Smith, R. A. & Thomson, C. C. Proposed quality metrics for lung cancer screening programs: a National Lung Cancer Roundtable project. Chest 160, 368–378 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Candal-Pedreira, C., Ruano-Ravina, A., Provencio, M., Fernandez-Villar, A. & Perez-Rios, M. Lung cancer screening quality criteria: a population perspective. Chest 160, e329–e331 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canadian Partnership Against Cancer & Pan-Canadian Lung Cancer Screening Network. National Lung Cancer Screening Quality Indicators Report, 1st edn (Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, 2017).

Martin, D. et al. Canada’s universal health-care system: achieving its potential. Lancet 391, 1718–1735 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellison L. F. & Saint-Jacques N. Five-year cancer survival by stage at diagnosis in Canada. Health Rep. 34, 3–15 (2023).

Wait Times (Ontario Health, 2021); https://www.ontariohealth.ca/public-reporting/wait-times

Habbous, S. et al. The effect of diagnostic assessment programs on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung cancer in Ontario, Canada. Ann. Thorac. Med. 16, 81–101 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elrod, J. K. & Fortenberry, J. L. Jr. The hub-and-spoke organization design: an avenue for serving patients well. BMC Health Serv. Res. 17, 457 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kucharczyk, M. J., Menezes, R. J., McGregor, A., Paul, N. S. & Roberts, H. C. Assessing the impact of incidental findings in a lung cancer screening study by using low-dose computed tomography. Can. Assoc. Radio. J. 62, 141–145 (2011).

Article  Google Scholar 

Regis, S. M. et al. Outcomes of positive and suspicious findings in clinical computed tomography lung cancer screening and the road ahead. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 19, 1371–1378 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Olivo, M. A. et al. Patient adherence to screening for lung cancer in the US: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2025102 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Field, J. K. et al. The UK Lung Cancer Screening Trial: a pilot randomised controlled trial of low-dose computed tomography screening for the early detection of lung cancer. Health Technol. Assess. 20, 1–146 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jonas, D. E. et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 325, 971–987 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bach, P. B. et al. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA 307, 2418–2429 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tammemagi, M. C. et al. Selection of individuals for lung cancer screening based on risk prediction model performance and economic factors—the Ontario experience. Lung Cancer 156, 31–40 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Slatore, C. G., Sullivan, D. R., Pappas, M. & Humphrey, L. L. Patient-centered outcomes among lung cancer screening recipients with computed tomography: a systematic review. J. Thorac. Oncol. 9, 927–934 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ten Haaf, K. et al. Performance and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography lung cancer screening scenarios in a population-based setting: a microsimulation modeling analysis in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Med. 14, e1002225 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huo, Y. R., Chan, M. V., Habib, A. R., Lui, I. & Ridley, L. Pneumothorax rates in CT-guided lung biopsies: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors. Br. J. Radiol. 93, 20190866 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Indigenous Peoples in Ontario (Ministry of Indigenous Affairs, 2018); https://www.ontario.ca/document/spirit-reconciliation-ministry-indigenous-relations-and-reconciliation-first-10-years/indigenous-peoples-ontario

Chiefs of Ontario and Cancer Care Ontario. Cancer in First Nations in Ontario: Risk Factors and Screening. https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/statistical-reports/cancer-first-nations-ontario-risk-factors-and-screening-report (2017).

Targeted Screening for Lung Cancer with Low Radiation Dose Computed Tomography: Standard Protocol Prepared for the Targeted Lung Health Checks Programme (NHS England, 2019); https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/targeted-screening-for-lung-cancer/

Allemani, C. et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet 391, 1023–1075 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold, M. et al. Progress in cancer survival, mortality, and incidence in seven high-income countries 1995–2014 (ICBP SURVMARK-2): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 20, 1493–1505 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rivera, M. P. et al. Receipt of recommended follow-up care after a positive lung cancer screening examination. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2240403 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Lung Screening Trial Research Trial. Results of initial low-dose computed tomographic screening for lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 1980–1991 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Aberle, D. R. et al. Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 920–931 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinsky, P. F. et al. Performance of Lung-RADS in the National Lung Screening Trial: a retrospective assessment. Ann. Intern. Med. 162, 485–491 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ontario Lung Screening Program Locations (Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), 2020); https://www.cancercareontario.ca/en/find-cancer-services/ontario-lung-screening-program-locations

Darling, G. E. et al. Organized lung cancer screening pilot: informing a province-wide program in Ontario, Canada. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 111, 1805–1811 (2021).

Lung Screening Referral Form (Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), 2020); https://www.cancercareontario.ca/sites/ccocancercare/files/assets/LungCancerScreening_ReferralForm.pdf

Tammemagi, M. C. et al. Selection criteria for lung-cancer screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 728–736 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evans, W. K. et al. Integrating smoking cessation into low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening: results of the Ontario, Canada pilot. J. Thorac. Oncol. 18, 1323–1333 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) (American College of Radiology, 2019); https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/Lung-Rads

Lung-RADS® v2022 (American College of Radiology, 2022); https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/RADS/Lung-RADS/Lung-RADS-2022.pdf

Lung-RADS® v2022. Summary of Changes and Updates (American College of Radiology, 2022); https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/RADS/Lung-RADS/Lung-RADS-2022-Summary-_Final.pdf

Radiology Quality Assurance Program Manual–Ontario Lung Screening Program (Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), 2021); https://www.cancercareontario.ca/sites/ccocancercare/files/assets/RadiologyQualityAssuranceProgramManual.pdf

Darling, G. E. et al. Organized lung cancer screening pilot: informing a province-wide program in Ontario, Canada. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 111, 1805–1811 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar