Coulthard MG, Lambert HJ, Keir MJ (1997) Occurrence of renal scars in children after their first referral for urinary tract infection. BMJ 315:918–919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7113.918
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL et al (1998) Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics 102:e16. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.2.e16
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hoberman A, Chao HP, Keller DM et al (1993) Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants. J Pediatr 123:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81531-8
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
O’Brien K, Edwards A, Hood K, Butler CC (2013) Prevalence of urinary tract infection in acutely unwell children in general practice: a prospective study with systematic urine sampling. Br J Gen Pract 63:e156–e164. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp13X663127
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, Farrell MH (2008) Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:302–308. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31815e4122
Gondim R, Azevedo R, Braga AANM et al (2018) Risk factors for urinary tract infection in children with urinary urgency. Int Braz J Urol 44:378–383. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0434
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Newman TB, Bernzweig JA, Takayama JI et al (2002) Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: the pediatric research in office settings’ febrile infant study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.1.44
Gaspari RJ, Dickson E, Karlowsky J, Doern G (2005) Antibiotic resistance trends in paediatric uropathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 26:267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.07.009
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Winberg J, Andersen HJ, Bergström T et al (1974) Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1974.tb05718.x
Bien J, Sokolova O, Bozko P (2012) Role of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence factors in development of urinary tract infection and kidney damage. Int J Nephrol 2012:681473. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/681473
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G, Maffei ME (2017) UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections: virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies. Front Microbiol 8:1566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01566
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Orellana P, Baquedano P, Rangarajan V et al (2004) Relationship between acute pyelonephritis, renal scarring, and vesicoureteral reflux. Results of a coordinated research project. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1122–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-004-1501-5
Romandini A, Pani A, Schenardi PA et al (2021) Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats. Predicting the Near Future Antibiotics (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040393
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bryce A, Hay AD, Lane IF et al (2016) Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i939
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nicolle L, Anderson PAM, Conly J et al (2006) Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Current practice and the effect of antibiotic resistance on empiric treatment. Can Fam Physician 52:612–618
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kariv G, Paul M, Shani V et al (2013) Benchmarking inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:629–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03965.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
SARI Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Working Group (2009) Guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals in Ireland. Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin
Pyelonephritis (acute): antimicrobial prescribing (2018) NICE Guideline NG111. Last update September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng111
Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use (2015) NICE Guideline NG15. Last update January 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng15
Chulain MN, Murray A-M, Corbett-Feeney G, Cormican M (2005) Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli associated with urinary tract infection in the west of Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 174:6–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03168974
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
O’Grady MC, Barry L, Corcoran GD et al (2019) Empirical treatment of urinary tract infections: how rational are our guidelines? J Antimicrob Chemother 74:214–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky405
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stapleton PJ, Lundon DJ, McWade R et al (2017) Antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli urinary isolates and comparison with antibiotic consumption data over 10 years, 2005–2014. Ir J Med Sci 186:733–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-016-1538-z
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cullen IM, Manecksha RP, McCullagh E et al (2012) The changing pattern of antimicrobial resistance within 42,033 Escherichia coli isolates from nosocomial, community and urology patient-specific urinary tract infections, Dublin, 1999–2009. BJU Int 109:1198–1206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10528.x
Trayer J, Maka Z, O’keeffe A et al (2021) Trends in antimicrobial resistance in children admitted with Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Ir Med J 114:284
Departments of Pharmacy, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, CHI at Crumlin, Temple Street and Tallaght Children’s Health Ireland Antmicrobial Guidelines 2021. In: 2021. https://www.olchc.ie/healthcare-professionals/clinical-guidelines/antimicrobial-guidelines-2021.pdf. 29 Mar 2022
Health Service Executive (2020) UTI in children. In: Antibiotic Prescribing Guidelines for Treatment of Community Infections. https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/urinary/uti-in-children/. 29 Mar 2022
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) EUCAST Disk Diffusion Test Methodology. https://www.eucast.org/ast_of_bacteria/disk_diffusion_methodology/. 12 Apr 2022
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2021) The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters, version 11.0, 2021. http://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints/
Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute:CLSI (2018) M02: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, 13th Edition. https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m02/
Chen H-E, Tain Y-L, Kuo H-C, Hsu C-N (2020) Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates in a Taiwanese child cohort with urinary tract infections between 2004 and 2018. Antibiotics (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080501
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cag Y, Haciseyitoglu D, Ozdemir AA, Cag Y (2021) Antibiotic resistance and bacteria in urinary tract infections in pediatric patients. Medeni Med J 36:217–224. https://doi.org/10.5222/MMJ.2021.78535
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Department of Health (2017) Ireland’s national action plan on antimicrobial resistance 2017–2020. (iNAP). http://health.gov.ie/national-patient-safety-office/patient-safety-surveillance/antimicrobialresistance-%0Damr/
Public Health Agency of Sweden NVI (2015) Consumption of antibiotics and occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Sweden. Swedres-Svarm 2014
Public Health England (2014) English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR): Report 2014
Health Service Executive – Antibioticprescribing.ie (2014) UTI in Children https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/urinary/uti-in-children/. 10 Jan 2024
Health Service Executive - Antibiotic prescribing (2022) Green Red antibiotic QI initiative for community prescribers. https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/antibicrobial-stewardship-audit-tools/campaign-materials/. 3 Apr 2022
Health Service Executive (HSE) (2020) Primary Care Reimbursement Scheme (PCRS) top 100 prescribed products. https://www.sspcrs.ie/portal/annual-reporting/report/pharmacy
Mattsson M, Hong JA, Frazer JS et al (2024) Trends in medication use at the onset of and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland: an interrupted time series study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 134:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/BCPT.13958
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Seppälä H, Klaukka T, Vuopio-Varkila J et al (1997) The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. N Engl J Med 337:441–446. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199708143370701
Schuts EC, Hulscher MEJL, Mouton JW et al (2016) Current evidence on hospital antimicrobial stewardship objectives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 16:847–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00065-7
Di Pietro P, Della Casa Alberighi O, Silvestri M et al (2017) Monitoring adherence to guidelines of antibiotic use in pediatric pneumonia: the MAREA study. Ital J Pediatr 43:113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-017-0432-2
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wathne JS, Harthug S, Kleppe LKS et al (2019) The association between adherence to national antibiotic guidelines and mortality, readmission and length of stay in hospital inpatients: results from a Norwegian multicentre, observational cohort study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 8:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0515-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Spoorenberg V, Hulscher MEJL, Akkermans RP et al (2014) Appropriate antibiotic use for patients with urinary tract infections reduces length of hospital stay. Clin Infect Dis 58:164–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit688
van der Velden LBJ, Tromp M, Bleeker-Rovers CP et al (2012) Non-adherence to antimicrobial treatment guidelines results in more broad-spectrum but not more appropriate therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:1561–1568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1478-5
Comments (0)