*Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
†Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
‡Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
§ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
∥Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
¶Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
#Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
**Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
††Department of Anesthesiology, St. Paul’s Hospital/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
‡‡Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
§§Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network - Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
∥∥The Wilson Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
¶¶Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
##Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
***Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
†††Division of Urology, Medical College of Georgia – Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
‡‡‡Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
§§§Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
∥∥∥Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
¶¶¶Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
This study was supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Ministry of Long-Term Care (MLTC). This project was supported, in part, by the Data Sciences Institute at the University of Toronto (A.J. and C.W.) and Women’s Heart and Brain Award, Heart and Stroke Foundation, Health Canada. A.J. receives a Merit Award from Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto.
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The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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