*Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada

†Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

‡Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

§ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada

∥Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX

¶Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX

#Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

**Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

††Department of Anesthesiology, St. Paul’s Hospital/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada

‡‡Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

§§Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network - Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

∥∥The Wilson Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

¶¶Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

##Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

***Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada

†††Division of Urology, Medical College of Georgia – Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

‡‡‡Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

§§§Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

∥∥∥Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

¶¶¶Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

This study was supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Ministry of Long-Term Care (MLTC). This project was supported, in part, by the Data Sciences Institute at the University of Toronto (A.J. and C.W.) and Women’s Heart and Brain Award, Heart and Stroke Foundation, Health Canada. A.J. receives a Merit Award from Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto.

This document used data adapted from the Statistics Canada Postal CodeOM Conversion File, which is based on data licensed from Canada Post Corporation, and/or data adapted from the Ontario Ministry of Health Postal Code Conversion File, which contains data copied under license from Canada Post Corporation and Statistics Canada. Parts of this material are based on data and/or information compiled and provided by MOH and CIHI. The analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred. Parts of this material are based on data and information compiled and provided by the Ontario Ministry of Health. The analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred. Parts of this material are based on data and information provided by Ontario Health (OH). The opinions, results, view, and conclusions reported in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of OH. No endorsement by OH is intended or should be inferred. Parts of this material are based on data and/or information compiled and provided by CIHI. However, the analyses, conclusions, opinions and statements expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of CIHI. Parts of this material are based on data and/or information compiled and provided by CIHI and the Ontario Ministry of Health. The analyses, conclusions, opinions and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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