WHO Report on Cancer. Setting Priorities. Investing Wisely and Providing Care for All: World Health Organization; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jedy-Agba E, McCormack V, Adebamowo C, Dos-Santos-Silva I. Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(12):e923–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30259-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kenya National Cancer Treatment Protocols. Kenya: Ministry of Health;2019.

Tarus A, Cornetta K, Morogo D, Nyongesa J, Elias H, Boit JM. Palliative care needs in breast cancer patients entering inpatient Hospice in Western Kenya. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2022;63(1):71–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.013.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mutebi M, Anderson BO, Duggan C, et al. Breast cancer treatment: a phased approach to implementation. Cancer. 2020;126(Suppl 10):2365–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32910.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Neill KM, Mandigo M, Pyda J, et al. Out-of-pocket expenses incurred by patients obtaining free breast cancer care in Haiti: a pilot study. Surgery. 2015;158(3):747–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.04.040.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tesfaw A, Alebachew W, Tiruneh M. Why women with breast cancer presented late to health care facility in North-west Ethiopia? A qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243551. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243551.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 2022;66:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Cancer Screening Guidelines. Kenya: Ministry of Health;2018.

Data for Kenya. Lower middle income. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group; 2021.

Google Scholar 

Strother RA, Asirwa FC, Busakhala NB, Njiru E, Orang’o E, Njuguna F, et al. AMPATH-oncology: a model for comprehensive cancer care in sub-Saharan Africa. J Cancer Policy. 2013;1(3–4):e42-48.

Article  Google Scholar 

Strother RM, Rao KV, Gregory KM, et al. The oncology pharmacy in cancer care delivery in a resource-constrained setting in western Kenya. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2012;18(4):406–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155211434852.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breast Cancer Screening and Early Diagnosis Action Plan 2021–2025. Ministry of Health;2021.

Gathuru LM, Elias GDO, Pitcher RD. Analysis of registered radiological equipment in Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;40:205. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.205.29570.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ngan TT, Nguyen NTQ, Van Minh H, Donnelly M, O’Neill C. Effectiveness of clinical breast examination as a “stand-alone” screening modality: an overview of systematic reviews. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):1070. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07521-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kenya Cancer Policy 2019-2030. Kenya: Kenyan Ministry of Health;2020.

Mercer T, Gardner A, Andama B, et al. Leveraging the power of partnerships: spreading the vision for a population health care delivery model in western Kenya. Global Health. 2018;14(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0366-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malik R, Vera N, Dayal C, et al. Factors associated with breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination in Fiji and Kashmir India—a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):1078. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07583-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dey S. Preventing breast cancer in LMICs via screening and/or early detection: the real and the surreal. World J Clin Oncol. 2014;5(3):509–19. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.509.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foerster M, Anderson BO, McKenzie F, et al. Inequities in breast cancer treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from a prospective multi-country observational study. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21(1):93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-019-1174-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galukande M, Wabinga H, Mirembe F. Breast cancer survival experiences at a tertiary hospital in sub-Saharan Africa: a cohort study. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-015-0632-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kisiangani J, Baliddawa J, Marinda P, et al. Determinants of breast cancer early detection for cues to expanded control and care: the lived experiences among women from Western Kenya. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0571-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gakunga R, Kinyanjui A, Ali Z, et al. Identifying barriers and facilitators to breast cancer early detection and subsequent treatment engagement in Kenya: a qualitative approach. Oncologist. 2019;24(12):1549–56. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0257.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romanoff A, Constant TH, Johnson KM, et al. Association of previous clinical breast examination with reduced delays and earlier-stage breast cancer diagnosis among women in Peru. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(11):1563–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Damiani G, Basso D, Acampora A, et al. The impact of level of education on adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2015;81:281–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tierney WM, Rotich JK, Hannan TJ, et al. The AMPATH medical record system: creating, implementing, and sustaining an electronic medical record system to support HIV/AIDS care in western Kenya. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;129(Pt 1):372–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nyandiko W, Holland S, Vreeman R, et al. HIV-1 treatment failure, drug resistance and clinical outcomes in perinatally-infected children and adolescents failing 1st-line antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;89(2):231–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002850.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goodrich S, Siika A, Mwangi A, et al. Development, assessment, and outcomes of a community-based model of antiretroviral care in western Kenya through a cluster-randomized control trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;87(2):e198–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002634.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHiF). Afya Yetu. Bima Yetu. Available at: http://www.nhif.or.ke/healthinsurance/. Accessed 9 Feb 2020.

Kangmennaang J, Mkandawire P, Luginaah I. Breast cancer screening among women in Namibia: explaining the effect of health insurance coverage and access to information on screening behaviours. Glob Health Promot. 2019;26(3):50–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975917727017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Downing J, Gomes B, Gikaara N, et al. Public preferences and priorities for end-of-life care in Kenya: a population-based street survey. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-684x-13-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar