Department of Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Riverside Medical Center, Riverside, CA, USA

Fu-Sheng Chou

Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA

Fu-Sheng Chou

Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA

Hung-Wen Yeh

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA

Hung-Wen Yeh

Center for Research, Education, Quality and Safety, Pediatrix Medical Group, Sunrise, FL, USA

Reese H. Clark

F-SC led the study design and the analysis, and drafted the initial manuscript and the revised manuscript. H-WY supervised study design and the analysis, and drafted the initial manuscript. RHC supervised study design, supplied measurement data for the analysis from the Pediatrix® Clinical Data Warehouse, and drafted the initial manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and critically reviewed and redrafted the manuscript.

Correspondence to Fu-Sheng Chou.