Pal K, Mukadam N, Petersen I, Cooper C. Mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia in people with diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(11):1149–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moran C, Callisaya ML, Srikanth V, Arvanitakis Z. Diabetes therapies for dementia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019;19(8):1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(1):63–75. e62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 128:40–50.

Wong RHX, Scholey A, Howe PRC. Assessing premorbid cognitive ability in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus—a review with implications for future intervention studies. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2014;14(11):547.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grünblatt E, Bartl J, Riederer P. The link between iron, metabolic syndrome, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2011;118(3):371–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dik MG, Jonker C, Comijs HC, Deeg DJ, Kok A, Yaffe K, Penninx BW. Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older individuals. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2655–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palta P, Schneider AL, Biessels GJ, Touradji P, Hill-Briggs F. Magnitude of cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of six cognitive domains and the most frequently reported neuropsychological tests within domains. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(3):278–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Monette MC, Baird A, Jackson DL. A meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in nondemented adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(6):401–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawlings AM, Sharrett AR, Schneider AL, Coresh J, Albert M, Couper D, Griswold M, Gottesman RF, Wagenknecht LE, Windham BG. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(11):785–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, Batty GD, Beckett N, Beiser A, Borenstein AR, Crane PK, Haan M, et al. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):300–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de la Monte SM. Brain insulin resistance and deficiency as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9(1):35–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akter K, Lanza EA, Martin SA, Myronyuk N, Rua M, Raffa RB. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: shared pathology and treatment? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(3):365–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F, Pols HAP, Hofman A, Breteler MMB. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1937.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuba N, Karan. Assessment of the cognitive status in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6(10):1658–62.

Google Scholar 

Luchsinger JA. Adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiological perspective. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;585(1):119–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, Li G, Nathan DM, Zheng H, Haneuse S, Craft S, Montine TJ, Kahn SE, et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(6):540–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohara T, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hirakawa Y, Hata J, Iwaki T, Kanba S, Kiyohara Y. Glucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community: the Hisayama study. Neurology. 2011;77(12):1126–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shafiee G, Ostovar A, Heshmat R, Darabi H, Sharifi F, Raeisi A, Mehrdad N, Shadman Z, Razi F, Amini MR. Bushehr elderly health (BEH) programme: study protocol and design of musculoskeletal system and cognitive function (stage II). BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):e013606.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson CL, Paulose-Ram R, Ogden CL, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999-2010. Vital and Health statistics, Series 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research. 2013;(161):1–24

Klishadi R, Rabiei K, Khosravi A, Famouri F, Sadeghi M, Shirani S (2001) Assessment of physical activity of adolescents in Isfahan. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences 3(2).

Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M. The Mini-cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(10):1451–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quaranta D, Piccininni C, Caprara A, Malandrino A, Gainotti G, Marra C. Semantic relations in a categorical verbal fluency test: an exploratory investigation in mild cognitive impairment. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2797.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ika K, Suzuki E, Mitsuhashi T, Takao S, Doi H. Shift work and diabetes mellitus among male workers in Japan: does the intensity of shift work matter? Acta Med Okayama. 2013;67(1):25–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue M, Xu W, Ou YN, Cao XP, Tan MS, Tan L, Yu JT. Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2019;55:100944.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao Y, Xiao Y, Miao R, Zhao J, Cui M, Huang G, Fei M. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus among elderly people in China: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;62:138–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiwari SC, Tripathi RK, Farooqi SA, Kumar R, Srivastava G, Kumar A. Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for cognitive impairment amongst urban older adults. Ind Psychiatry J. 2012;21(1):44–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun L, Diao X, Gang X, Lv Y, Zhao X, Yang S, Gao Y, Wang G. Risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:4591938.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jia HH, Liu L, Huo GX, Wang RQ, Zhou YQ, Yang LY. A qualitative study of the cognitive behavioral intention of patients with diabetes in rural China who have experienced delayed diagnosis and treatment. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calvo-Ochoa E, Arias C. Cellular and metabolic alterations in the hippocampus caused by insulin signalling dysfunction and its association with cognitive impairment during aging and Alzheimer's disease: studies in animal models. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015;31(1):1–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heras-Sandoval D, Ferrera P, Arias C. Amyloid-β protein modulates insulin signaling in presynaptic terminals. Neurochem Res. 2012;37(9):1879–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi J, Malakowsky CA, Talent JM, Conrad CC, Gracy RW. Identification of oxidized plasma proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;293(5):1566–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA. Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature. 2004;429(6994):883–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaspar JM, Baptista FI, Macedo MP, Ambrosio AF. Inside the diabetic brain: role of different players involved in cognitive decline. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016;7(2):131–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Li G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yao L, Wang F, Liu S, Yin J, Ling E-A, Wang L. High glucose-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in cultured astrocytes. Neuroscience. 2012;202:58–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sima AA. Encephalopathies: the emerging diabetic complications. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(4):279–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuhad A, Bishnoi M, Tiwari V, Chopra K. Suppression of NF-κβ signaling pathway by tocotrienol can prevent diabetes associated cognitive deficits. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;92(2):251–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moran C, Phan TG, Chen J, Blizzard L, Beare R, Venn A, Münch G, Wood AG, Forbes J, Greenaway TM. Brain atrophy in type 2 diabetes: regional distribution and influence on cognition. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4036–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moran C, Beare R, Phan TG, Bruce DG, Callisaya ML, Srikanth V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Neurology. 2015;85(13):1123–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central