M. Di Cesare, M. Sorić, P. Bovet, J.J. Miranda, Z. Bhutta, G.A. Stevens et al. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med. 17(1), 212 (2019)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390(10113), 2627–2642 (2017)
D. Herouvi, E. Karanasios, C. Karayianni et al. Cardiovascular disease in childhood: the role of obesity. Eur. J. Pediatr. 172, 721–732 (2013)
G.S. Berenson, Obesity—a critical issue in preventive cardiology: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Prev. Cardiol. 8(4), 234–241 (2005)
A.W. Zieske, G.T. Malcom, J.P. Strong, Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: the PDAY study. Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med. 21(2), 213–237 (2002)
M.S. Mihuta, C. Paul, A. Ciulpan, F. Dacca, I.P. Velea, I. Mozos, D. Stoian, Subclinical atherosclerosis progression in obese children with relevant cardiometabolic risk factors can be accessed through carotid intima media thickness. Appl. Sci. 11(22), 10721 (2021)
A. Friend, L. Craig, S. Turner, The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 11, 71–80 (2013)
S. Amemiya, K. Dobashi, T. Urakami et al. Metabolic syndrome in youths. Pediatr. Diabetes 8(9), 48–54 (2007)
P. Fang, Y. She, M. Yu, W. Min, W. Shang, Z. Zhang, Adipose–muscle crosstalk in age-related metabolic disorders: the emerging roles of adipo-myokines. Ageing Res. Rev. 84, 101829 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101829
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
A. Roca-Rivada, C. Castelao, L.L. Senin et al. FNDC5/irisin is not only a myokine but also an adipokine. PLoS ONE 8(4), e60563 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060563
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
P. Boström, J. Wu, M.P. Jedrychowski, A. Korde, L. Ye, J.C. Lo et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 481(7382), 463–468 (2012)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
L.I. Arhire, L. Mihalache, M. Covasa, Irisin: a hope in understanding and managing obesity and metabolic syndrome. Front. Endocrinol. 10(524), 1–12 (2019)
X.Q. Xiong, Z. Geng, B. Zhou et al. FNDC5 attenuates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance via AMPK mediated macrophage polarization in obesity. Metabolism 83, 31–41 (2018)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
B. Zhu, B. Wang, C. Zhao et al. Irisin regulates cardiac responses to exercise in health and diseases: a narrative review. J. Cardiovasc. Trans. Res. 16, 430–442 (2023)
C. Yin, W. Hu, M. Wang, W. Lv, T. Jia, Y. Xiao, Irisin as a mediator between obesity and vascular inflammation in Chinese children and adolescents. NutrMetab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 30(2), 320–329 (2020)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining childhood weight status 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html.
J.R. Fernαndez, D.T. Redden, A. Pietrobelli, D.B. Allison, Waistcircumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. 145(4), 439–444 (2004)
H. McCarthy, T.J. Cole, T. Fry, S.A. Jebb, A.M. Prentice, Body fat reference curves for children. Int. J. Obes. 30(4), 598–602 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803232
National Institutes of Health. Blood pressure levels for boys and girls by age and height. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/child_tbl.pdf.
R. Nishimura, H. Sano, Y. Onda, D. Tsujino, K. Ando, F. Ebara et al. Population-based cross-sectional study on insulin resistance and insulin-secretory capacity in Japanese school children. J. Diabetes Investig. 8(5), 672–676 (2017)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
S. Cook, M. Weitzman, P. Auinger, M. Nguyen, W.H. Dietz, Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 157, 821–827 (2003)
D.I. Feig, R.J. Jonhson, Hyperuricemia in childhood primary hypertension. Hypertension 42, 247–252 (2003)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
D. Monasor-Ortolá, J.A. Quesada-Rico, A.P. Nso-Roca, M. Rizo-Baeza, E. Cortés-Castell, A. Martínez-Segura, F. Sánchez-Ferrer, Degree of accuracy of the BMI Z-score to determine excess fat mass using DXA in children and adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(22), 12114 (2021)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
J.Y. Huh, G. Panagiotou, V. Mougios, M. Brinkoetter, M.T. Vamviniet et al. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism 61, 1725–1738 (2012)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
T. Reinehr, C. Elfers, N. Lass, C.L. Roth, Irisin and its relation to insulin resistance and puberty in obese children: a longitudinal analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 2123–2130 (2015)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
K. Esin, S. Batirel, G. Ülfer, P. Yigit, N. Sanlier, Association of serum irisin levels with body composition, metabolic profile, leptin, and adiponectin levels in lean and obese children. Medicina 59(11), 1954 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111954
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
S. Blüher, G. Panagiotou, D. Petroff, J. Markert, A. Wagner, T. Klemm et al. Effects of a 1-year exercise and lifestyle intervention on irisin, adipokines, and inflammatory markers in obese children. Obesity 22(7), 1701–1708 (2014)
A.M. Gonzalez-Gil, M. Peschard-Franco, E.C. Castillo, G. Gutierrez-DelBosque, V. Treviño, C. Silva-Platas et al. Myokine-adipokine cross-talk: potential mechanisms for the association between plasma irisin and adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors in Mexican children with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 11, 63 (2019)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Y.S. Shim, M.J. Kang, S. Yang, I.T. Hwang, Irisin is a biomarker for metabolic syndrome in prepubertal children. Endocr. J. 65, 23–31 (2018)
B. Palacios-Gonzalez, F. Vadillo-Ortega, E. Polo-Oteyza, T. Sanchez, M. Ancira-Moreno, S. Romero-Hidalgo et al. Irisin levels before and after physical activity among school-age children with different BMI: a direct relation with leptin. Obesity 23, 729–732 (2015)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
C.Z. Wu, N.F. Chu, L.C. Chang, C.W. Cheng, Y.F. Lin, D. Pei et al. The relationship of irisin with metabolic syndrome components and insulin secretion and resistance in schoolchildren. Medicine 100(5), e24061 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024061
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
N.M. Al-Daghri, K.M. Alkharfy, S. Rahman, Irisin as a predictor of glucose metabolismin children: sexually dimorphic effects. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 44, 119–124 (2014)
R. Zhang, T. Fu, X. Zhao, Y. Qiu, X. Hu, H. Shi et al. Association of circulating irisin levels with adiposity and glucose metabolic profiles in a middle-aged Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 13, 4105–4112 (2020)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
S.H. Kim, S.E. Kim, S. Kim, M.B. Ahn, W.K. Cho, K.S. Cho, M.H. Jung, The association of serum irisin with anthropometric, metabolic, and bone parameters in obese children and adolescents. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1326851 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1326851
Comments (0)