Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol Int. 2019;13:353–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3. (Epub 2019 Jun 6. Erratum in: Hepatol Int. 2019;13(6):826-828)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1426–1437 (1437.e1-9)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, Nadim MK, Parikh CR. News in pathophysiology, definition and classification of hepatorenal syndrome: a step beyond the International Club of Ascites (ICA) consensus document. J Hepatol. 2019;71:811–822

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Sarin SK, Kumar S, Jain P, Kumar G, Bhadoria AS, et al. Development of predisposition, injury, response, organ failure model for predicting acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 2017;37:1497–1507

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arroyo V, Angeli P, Moreau R, Jalan R, Clària J, Trebicka J, et al. The systemic inflammation hypothesis: towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2021;74:670–685

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jindal A, Bhadoria AS, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Evaluation of acute kidney injury and its response to terlipressin in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 2016;36(1):59–67

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Kumar S, Chandel SS, Kumar G, Rastogi A, Bihari C, et al. AKI in patients with acute on chronic liver failure is different from acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Hepatol Int. 2015;9:627–639

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Rastogi A, Rao Pasupuleti SS, Hidam AK, Singh M, Kadyan S, et al. Natural history, spectrum and outcome of stage 3 AKI in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.15413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ariza X, Graupera I, Coll M, Solà E, Barreto R, García E, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a biomarker of acute-on-chronic liver failure and prognosis in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2016;65(1):57–65

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gambino C, Piano S, Stenico M, Tonon M, Brocca A, Calvino V, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology. 2023;1(77):1630–1638

Article  Google Scholar 

Arora V, Maiwall R, Rajan V, Jindal A, Muralikrishna Shasthry S, Kumar G, et al. Terlipressin is superior to noradrenaline in the management of acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatology. 2020;71:600–610

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Sarin SK, Moreau R. Acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int. 2016;10:245–257

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wen Y, Parikh CR. Current concepts and advances in biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2021;58:354–368

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piano S, Schmidt HH, Ariza X, Amoros A, Romano A, Hüsing-Kabar A, et al. EASL CLIF Consortium, European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF). Association Between Grade of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure and Response to Terlipressin and Albumin in Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1792–1800

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang QQ, Han MF, Ma K, Chen G, Wan XY, Kilonzo SB, et al. Acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure is different from in decompensated cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;7(24):2300–2310

Article  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Pasupuleti SSR, Hidam AK, Rastogi A, Thomas S, Kumar G, et al. Non-resolution of acute kidney injury in the first week portends the development of chronic kidney disease in critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;58:593–610

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allegretti AS, Parada XV, Endres P, Zhao S, Krinsky S, StHillien SA, et al. Urinary NGAL as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2021;12:e00359

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huelin P, Solà E, Elia C, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for assessment of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2019;70:319–333

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puthumana J, Ariza X, Belcher JM, Graupera I, Ginès P, Parikh CR. Urine Interleukin 18 and Lipocalin 2 are biomarkers of acute tubular necrosis in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1003–1013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solé C, Ma AT, Solà E, Carol M, Fabrellas N, Juanola A, et al. Sequential changes in urinary biomarker levels in patients with cirrhosis and severe hepatorenal syndrome. Liver Int. 2021;41:2729–2732

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Rao Pasupuleti SS, Hidam AK, Kumar A, Tevethia HV, Vijayaraghavan R, et al. A randomised-controlled trial (TARGET-C) of high vs. low target mean arterial pressure in patients with cirrhosis and septic shock. J Hepatol. 2023;79:349–361

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong F, Pappas SC, Curry MP, Reddy KR, Rubin RA, Porayko MK, et al. Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2021;4(384):818–828

Article  Google Scholar 

Francoz C, Durand F, Kahn JA, Genyk YS, Nadim MK. Hepatorenal syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(5):774–781

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bañares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology. 2013;57:1153–1162

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S, Herget-Rosenthal S, Treichel U, Betz C, et al. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:782–789 (e3)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiwall R, Bajpai M, Choudhury AK, Kumar A, Sharma MK, Duan Z, et al. Therapeutic plasma-exchange improves systemic inflammation and survival in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a propensity-score matched study from AARC. Liver Int. 2021;41:1083–1096

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choudhury A, Jindal A, Maiwall R, Sharma MK, Sharma BC, Pamecha V, et al. Liver failure determines the outcome in patients of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF): comparison of APASL ACLF research consortium (AARC) and CLIF-SOFA models. Hepatol Int. 2017;11:461–471

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song DS, Kim TY, Kim DJ, Kim HY, Sinn DH, Yoon EL, et al. Validation of prognostic scores to predict short-term mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:900–909

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granito A, Muratori P, Muratori L. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a complex clinical entity in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2021;75:1503–1505

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Sun Y, Zheng F, Gao Y, Zhang S, Wei Y, et al. Changes of respiratory function on urine volume, renal AQP1, and AQP2 in mice with bronchial asthma and effects of lung-diffusing herb Platycodon grandiflorus (JACQ) ADC. J Tradit Chin Med Sci. 2018;5(1):72–79

Google Scholar 

Cui J, Shi S, Sun X, Cai G, Cui S, Hong Q, et al. Mitochondrial autophagy involving renal injury and aging is modulated by caloric intake in aged rat kidneys. PLoS One. 2013;8(7): e69720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069720

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar