Thakkar S, Anklam E, Xu A, Ulberth F, Li J, Li B, et al. Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020;114: 104647.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems. Updated 2004. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43034/9241592214_eng.pdf. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Directive 2004/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:136:0085:0090:en:PDF. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Frye JC. Herbal and homeopathic medicine: understanding the difference. Semin Integr Med. 2003;1(3):158–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barnes J. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines : a UK perspective. Drug Saf. 2003;26(12):829–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

European Medicines Agency. Herbal medicinal products. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/herbal-medicinal-products. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

van Hunsel F, van der Kooi D, van de Koppel S, Kroes BH, Woerdenbag HJ. Analysis of reports on adverse drug reactions related to herbal medicinal products and herbal supplements in the Netherlands received by the National Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb. Drug Saf. 2022;45(6):651–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes J. Pharmacovigilance for herbal and traditional medicines. Cham: Adis International Ltd.; 2022.

Book  Google Scholar 

European Medicines Agency. Pharmacovigilance: overview. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/pharmacovigilance-overview. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Rodrigues E, Barnes J. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: the potential contributions of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies. Drug Saf. 2013;36(1):1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaw D, Graeme L, Pierre D, Elizabeth W, Kelvin C. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;140(3):513–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014;4:177.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walji R, Boon H, Barnes J, Austin Z, Baker GR, Welsh S. Adverse event reporting for herbal medicines: a result of market forces. Healthc Policy. 2009;4(4):77–90.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas DR. A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. Am J Eval. 2006;27(2):237–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Campbell S, Greenwood M, Prior S, Shearer T, Walkem K, Young S, et al. Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. J Res Nurs. 2020;25(8):652–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klerings I, Robalino S, Booth A, Escobar-Liquitay CM, Sommer I, Gartlehner G, et al. Rapid reviews methods series: guidance on literature search. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(6):412.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wiarda S. Best practices of pharmacovigilance of herbal medicinal products. University of Groningen; 2022. https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/27285/. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

International Society of Pharmacovigilance. Special interest groups: herbal and traditional medicines group. https://isoponline.org/special-interest-groups/herbal-and-traditional-medicines-2/. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

ANSES. Nutrivigilance. https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/tout-savoir-sur-le-dispositif-de-nutrivigilance. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Crouse T, Lowe PA. The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2018. https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/sage-encyclopedia-of-educational-research-measurement-evaluation. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Kirchherr J, Charles K. Enhancing the sample diversity of snowball samples: recommendations from a research project on anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8): e0201710.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Glaser B, Strauss A. Discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research (1st ed.). Routledge. 1999. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793206

Guest G, Namey E, Chen M. A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5): e0232076.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hennink MM, Kaiser BN. Saturation in qualitative research. London. 2019. https://methods-sagepub-com-christuniversity.knimbus.com/foundations/saturation-in-qualitative-research. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sundler AJ, Lindberg E, Nilsson C, Palmér L. Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nurs Open. 2019;6(3):733–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

NVivo. https://www.nvivo.nl/. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

AlYahmady HH, Alabri SS. Using Nvivo for data analysis in qualitative research. Int Interdiscip J Educ. 2013;2:181–6.

Google Scholar 

Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alghamdi W, Al-Fadel N, Alghamdi EA, Alghamdi M, Alharbi F. Signal detection and assessment of herb-drug interactions: Saudi Food and Drug Authority experience. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2023;10(4):577–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan LM, Al-Harthi SE, Osman AM, Sattar MA, Ali AS. Dilemmas of the causality assessment tools in the diagnosis of adverse drug reactions. Saudi Pharm J. 2016;24(4):485–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

European Medicines Agency. Signal management. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/post-authorisation/pharmacovigilance-post-authorisation/signal-management. Accessed 5 Sep 2024.

Biagi M, Pecorari R, Appendino G, Miraldi E, Magnano AR, Governa P, et al. Herbal products in Italy: the thin line between phytotherapy, nutrition and parapharmaceuticals; a normative overview of the fastest growing market in Europe. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016;9(4):65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Boer A, Geboers L, van de Koppel S, van Hunsel F. Governance of nutrivigilance in the Netherlands: reporting adverse events of non-registered products. Health Policy. 2022;126(8):731–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gouveia BG, Rijo P, Gonçalo TS, Reis CP. Good manufacturing practices for medicinal products for human use. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(2):87–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duraz AY, Khan SA. Knowledge, attitudes and awareness of community pharmacists towards the use of herbal medicines in muscat region. Oman Med J. 2011;26(6):451–3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Worakunphanich W, Suwankesawong W, Youngkong S, Thavorncharoensap M, Anderson C, Toh LS. Thai stakeholders’ awareness and perceptions of the patient adverse event reporting system for herbal medicines: a qualitative study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(2):491–501.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Menniti-Ippolito F, Mazzanti G, Santuccio C, Moro PA, Calapai G, Firenzuoli F, et al. Surveillance of suspected adverse reactions to natural health products in Italy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(6):626–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skalli S. The Moroccan experience of implementing a university curriculum for the pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines (phytovigilance). Drug Saf. 2024;47(3):285–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mponda J, Muula A, Choko A, Ajuwon A, Moody J. Consumption and adverse reaction reporting of herbal medicines among people living with HIV at university teaching hospitals in Blantyre, Malawi and Ibadan, Nigeria. Malawi Med J. 2024;36:13–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choudhury A, Singh PA, Bajwa N, Dash S, Bisht P. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: concerns and future prospects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;309: 116383.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiguba R, Olsson S, Waitt C. Pharmacovigilance in low- and middle-income countries: a review with particular focus on Africa. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89(2):491–509.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saokaew S, Suwankesawong W, Permsuwan U, Chaiyakunapruk N. Safety of herbal products in Thailand: an analysis of reports in the thai health product vigilance center database from 2000 to 2008. Drug Saf. 2011;34(4):339–50.

Article