Fokkens WJ, Viskens AS, Backer V, Conti D, De Corso E, Gevaert P, Scadding GK, Wagemann M, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Chaker A, Heffler E, Han JK, Van Staeyen E, Hopkins C, Mullol J, Peters A, Reitsma S, Senior BA, Hellings PW (2023) EPOS/EUFOREA update on indication and evaluation of Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps 2023. Rhinology 61:194–202. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin22.489

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merrill T, Kanaan A (2022) Managing chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the Elderly: challenges and solutions. Clin Interv Aging 17:685–698. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S279765

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cavaliere C, Masieri S, Begvarfaj E, Loperfido A, Baroncelli S, Cascone F, Ciofalo A (2024) Long-term perspectives on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: evaluating recurrence rates after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the Biologics Era-A 5-Year Follow-Up study. J Pers Med 14:297. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14030297

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akdis CA, Arkwright PD, Brüggen MC, Busse W, Gadina M, Guttman-Yassky E, Kabashima K, Mitamura Y, Vian L, Wu J, Palomares O (2020) Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs. Allergy 75:1582–1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14318

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeConde AS, Mace JC, Levy JM, Rudmik L, Alt JA, Smith TL (2017) Prevalence of polyp recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 127:550–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26391

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hox V, Lourijsen E, Jordens A, Aasbjerg K, Agache I, Alobid I, Bachert C, Boussery K, Campo P, Fokkens W, Hellings P, Hopkins C, Klimek L, Mäkelä M, Mösges R, Mullol J, Pujols L, Rondon C, Rudenko M, Toppila-Salmi S, Scadding G, Scheire S, Tomazic PV, Van Zele T, Wagemann M, van Boven JFM, Gevaert P (2020) Benefits and harm of systemic steroids for short- and long-term use in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: an EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy 10:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0303-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hellings PW, Verhoeven E, Fokkens WJ (2021) State-of-the-art overview on biological treatment for CRSwNP. Rhinology 59:151–163. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.570

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loperfido A, Ciofalo A, Cavaliere C, Begvarfaj E, Cascone F, Alfonzo G, Cadeddu R, Millarelli S, Bellocchi G, Greco A, de Vincentiis M, Masieri S (2023) Dupilumab’s Impact on Blood Parameters in Nasal Polyposis: 18-Month Follow-Up in Real Life. J Immunol Res 2023(4027701). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4027701

Caruso C, Giancaspro R, Guida G, Macchi A, Landi M, Heffler E, Gelardi M (2022) Nasal cytology: a Easy Diagnostic Tool in Precision Medicine for Inflammation in epithelial barrier damage in the nose. A perspective Mini Review. Front Allergy 3:768408. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2022.768408

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

AIFA treatment plan for the prescription of Dupixent (Dupilumab) (2024) Xolair (Omalizumab) and Nucala (Mepolizumab) in the treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP). Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2023-03-01&atto.codiceRedazionale=23A01126&elenco30giorni=false (accessed on 4th

Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Nicklas RA, Adinoff AD, Bachert C, Borish L, Chinchilli VM, Danzig MR, Ferguson BJ, Fokkens WJ, Jenkins SG, Lund VJ, Mafee MF, Naclerio RM, Pawankar R, Ponikau JU, Schubert MS, Slavin RG, Stewart MG, Togias A, Wald ER, Winther B, Rhinosinusitis Initiative (2006) Rhinosinusitis: developing guidance for clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:17–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.005

Article  Google Scholar 

Ottaviano G, Scadding GK, Coles S, Lund VJ (2006) Peak nasal inspiratory flow; normal range in adult population. Rhinology 44:32–35

PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Corso E, Settimi S, Montuori C, Corbò M, Passali GC, Porru DP, Lo Verde S, Spanu C, Penazzi D, Di Bella GA, Nucera E, Bonini M, Paludetti G, Galli J (2022) Effectiveness of Dupilumab in the treatment of patients with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP: a real-life Observational Study in the First Year of Treatment. J Clin Med 11:2684. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102684

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klimek L, Bergmann KC, Biedermann T, Bousquet J, Hellings P, Jung K, Merk H, Olze H, Schlenter W, Stock P, Ring J, Wagenmann M, Wehrmann W, Mösges R, Pfaar O (2017) Visual analogue scales (VAS): Measuring instruments for the documentation of symptoms and therapy monitoring in cases of allergic rhinitis in everyday health care: Position Paper of the German Society of Allergology (AeDA) and the German Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), ENT Section, in collaboration with the working group on Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNOKHC). Allergo J Int 26:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-016-0006-7

Hopkins C, Gillett S, Slack R, Lund VJ, Browne JP (2009) Psychometric validity of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test. Clin Otolaryngol 34:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01995.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallo S, Russo F, Mozzanica F, Preti A, Bandi F, Costantino C, Gera R, Ottaviani F, Castelnuovo P (2020) Prognostic value of the Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) in chronic rhinosinusitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 40:113–121. https://doi.org/10.14639/0392-100X-N0364

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gelardi M, Iannuzzi L, Quaranta N, Landi M, Passalacqua G (2016) NASAL cytology: practical aspects and clinical relevance. Clin Exp Allergy 46:785–792. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12730

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caminati M, Olivieri B, Dama A, Micheletto C, Paggiaro P, Pinter P, Senna G, Schiappoli M (2022) Dupilumab-induced hypereosinophilia: review of the literature and algorithm proposal for clinical management. Expert Rev Respir Med 16:713–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2022.2090342

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seccia V, D’Amato M, Scioscia G, Bagnasco D, Di Marco F, Fadda G, Menzella F, Pasquini E, Pelaia G, Tremante E, De Corso E, Bonini M (2022) Management of patients with severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a Multidisciplinary Shared Approach. J Pers Med 12:1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071096

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Won HK, Kim YC, Kang MG, Park HK, Lee SE, Kim MH, Yang MS, Chang YS, Cho SH, Song WJ (2018) Age-related prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps and their relationships with asthma onset. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 120:389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.02.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomassen P, Vandeplas G, Van Zele T, Cardell LO, Arebro J, Olze H, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Kowalski ML, Olszewska-Ziąber A, Holtappels G, De Ruyck N, Wang X, Van Drunen C, Mullol J, Hellings P, Hox V, Toskala E, Scadding G, Lund V, Zhang L, Fokkens W, Bachert C (2016) Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:1449–1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1324

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens WW, Peters AT, Tan BK, Klingler AI, Poposki JA, Hulse KE, Grammer LC, Welch KC, Smith SS, Conley DB, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A (2019) Associations between Inflammatory endotypes and Clinical presentations in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 7:2812–2820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.009

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan A, Vandeplas G, Huynh TMT, Joish VN, Mannent L, Tomassen P, Van Zele T, Cardell LO, Arebro J, Olze H, Foerster-Ruhrmann U, Kowalski ML, Olszewska-Ziaber A, Holtappels G, De Ruyck N, van Drunen C, Mullol J, Hellings PW, Hox V, Toskala E, Scadding G, Lund VJ, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C (2019) The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN Rhinosinusitis cohort: a large European cross-sectional study of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps. Rhinology 57:32–42. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin17.255

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCormick JP, Lee JT (2021) Insights into the implications of coexisting type 2 inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res 14:4259–4266. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S311640

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cavaliere C, Segatto M, Ciofalo A, Colizza A, Minni A, Messineo D, Lambiase A, Greco A, de Vincentiis M, Masieri S (2022) Benralizumab reduces eosinophils and inflammatory markers in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a pilot real-life study. Immunol Lett 248:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mullol J, Maldonado M, Castillo JA, Miguel-Blanco C, Dávila I, Domínguez-Ortega J, Blanco-Aparicio M (2022) Management of United Airway Disease Focused on patients with asthma and chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 10:2438–2447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellocchi G, Loperfido A, Passali FM, Millarelli S, Velletrani G, Perla M, Di Michele L, Di Girolamo S (2023) Biologics in severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a bicentric experience. Acta Biomed 94:2023227. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v94i5.14745

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hopkins C, Wagenmann M, Bachert C, Desrosiers M, Han JK, Hellings PW, Lee SE, Msihid J, Radwan A, Rowe P, Amin N, Deniz Y, Ortiz B, Mannent LP, Rout R (2021) Efficacy of dupilumab in patients with a history of prior sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 11:1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22780