Douglawi A, Masterson TA. Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors: a contemporary review. Curr Opin Urol. 2019;29:145–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, Teixeira-Júnior A, Lages J, Calixto J, et al. Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10:2965.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hakenberg OW, Dräger DL, Erbersdobler A, Naumann CM, Jünemann KP, Protzel C. The diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115:646–52.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez DF, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Cañete-Portillo S, Cubilla AL. Evolving insights into penile cancer pathology and the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system. Urol Oncol. 2020;20:30432–4.

Salazar A, Júnior EP, Salles PGO, Silva-Filho R, Reis EA, Mamede M. 18F-FDG PET/CT as a prognostic factor in penile cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:855–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rohren EM, Turkington TG, Coleman RE. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology. 2004;231:305–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson IM, Scott PJH, Thompson S. Clinical applications of radiolabeled peptides for PET. Semin Nucl Med. 2017;47:493–523.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Vries HM, Brouwer OR, Heijmink S, Horenblas S, Vegt E. Recent developments in penile cancer imaging. Curr Opin Urol. 2019;29:150–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ancey PB, Contat C, Meylan E. Glucose transporters in cancer - from tumor cells to the tumor microenvironment. FEBS J. 2018;285:2926–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamede M, Higashi T, Kitaichi M, Ishizu K, Ishimori T, Nakamoto Y, et al. [18F]FDG uptake and PCNA, Glut-1, and Hexokinase-II expressions in cancers and inflammatory lesions of the lung. Neoplasia. 2005;7:369–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Golshani-Hebroni SG, Bessman SP. Hexokinase binding to mitochondria: a basis for proliferative energy metabolism. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1997;29:331–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson JE. Isozymes of mammalian hexokinase: structure, subcellular localization and metabolic function. J Exp Biol. 2003;206:2049–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathupala SP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Hexokinase II: cancer’s double-edged sword acting as both facilitator and gatekeeper of malignancy when bound to mitochondria. Oncogene. 2006;25:4777–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haberkorn U, Ziegler SI, Oberdorfer F, Trojan H, Haag D, Peschke P, et al. FDG uptake, tumor proliferation and expression of glycolysis associated genes in animal tumor models. Nucl Med Biol. 1994;21:827–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scholzen T, Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. J Cell Physiol. 2000;182:311–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protzel C, Knoedel J, Zimmermann U, Woenckhaus C, Poetsch M, Giebel J. Expression of proliferation marker Ki67 correlates to occurrence of metastasis and prognosis, histological subtypes and HPV DNA detection in penile carcinomas. Histol Histopathol. 2007;22:1197–204.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bu L, Tu N, Wang K, Zhou Y, Xie X, Han X, et al. Relationship between 18F-FDG PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters and International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification in lung adenocarcinomas. Korean J Radiol. 2022;23:112–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang KB, Guo SJ, Li YH, Zhang XK, Chen D, Spiess PE, et al. Genome-wide profiling reveals HPV integration pattern and activated carcinogenic pathways in penile squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:6104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Ghasemi A. Investigation of the effect of 5-Aza-2’-Deoxycytidine on p15INK4, p16INK4, p18INK4, and p19INK4 genes expression, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma PLC/PRF/5 cell line. Adv Biomed Res. 2020;9:33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Neill CJ, McCluggage WG. p16 expression in the female genital tract and its value in diagnosis. Adv Anat Pathol. 2006;13:8–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zito Marino F, Sabetta R, Pagliuca F, Brunelli M, Aquino G, Perdonà S, et al. Discrepancy of p16 immunohistochemical expression and HPV RNA in penile cancer. A multiplex in situ hybridization/immunohistochemistry approach study. Infect Agent Cancer. 2021;16:22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo Q, Beaver JM, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Dynamics of p53: A master decider of cell fate. Genes. 2017;8:66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martins AC, Faria SM, Cologna AJ, Suaid HJ, Tucci S Jr. Immunoexpression of p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in penile carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167:89–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de RodaHusman AM, Walboomers JM, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJ. The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3’ ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. J Gen Virol. 1995;76:1057–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, et al. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science. 1985;230:1350–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishiwaki M, Yamamoto T, Tone S, Murai T, Ohkawara T, Matsunami T, et al. Genotyping of human papillomaviruses by a novel one-step typing method with multiplex PCR and clinical applications. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1161–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nabi HA, Zubeldia JM. Clinical applications of 18F-FDG PET/CT in oncology. J Nucl Med Technol. 2002;30:3–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamede M, El Fakhri G, Abreu-e-Lima P, Gandler W, Nosé V, Gerbaudo VH. Pre-operative estimation of esophageal tumor metabolic length in FDG-PET images with surgical pathology confirmation. Ann Nucl Med. 2007;21:553–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagundes TC, Mafra A, Silva RG, Castro ACG, Silva LC. Aguiar PT Individualized threshold for tumor segmentation in 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging: The key for response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with rectal cancer? Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2018;64:119–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daisne JF, Sibomana M, Bol A, Doumont T, Lonneux M, Grégoire V. Tri-dimensional automatic segmentation of PET volumes based on measured source-to-background ratios: influence of reconstruction algorithms. Radiother Oncol. 2003Dec;69:247–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chahoud J, Kohli M, Spiess PE. Management of advanced penile cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96:720–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantuaria G, Fagotti A, Ferrandina G, Magalhaes A, Nadji M, Angioli R, et al. GLUT-1 expression in ovarian carcinoma: association with survival and response to chemotherapy. Cancer. 2001;92:1144–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moriyama N, Kurimoto S, Kawabe K, Takata K, Hirano H. Immunohistochemical expression of glucose transporter-1 in human penile proliferative lesions. Histochem J. 1997;4:273–8.