Peterson, S. J. et al. An online survey of hypothyroid patients demonstrates prominent dissatisfaction. Thyroid 28, 707–721 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hegedüs, L. et al. Primary hypothyroidism and quality of life. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18, 230–242 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perros, P. et al. The enigma of persistent symptoms in hypothyroid patients treated with levothyroxine: a narrative review. Clin. Endocrinol. 98, 461–468 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jonklaas, J. et al. Evidence-based use of levothyroxine/liothyronine combinations in treating hypothyroidism: a consensus document. Eur. Thyroid. J. 10, 10–38 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Premawardhana, L. D. et al. Designing a combined liothyronine (LT3), L-thyroxine (LT4) trial in symptomatic hypothyroid subjects on LT4 – the importance of patient selection, choice of LT3 and trial design. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1282608 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jonklaas, J. et al. Evidence-based use of levothyroxine/liothyronine combinations in treating hypothyroidism: a consensus document. Thyroid 31, 156–182 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor, P. N. et al. Falling threshold for treatment of borderline elevated thyrotropin levels – balancing benefits and risks: evidence from a large community-based study. JAMA Intern. Med. 174, 32–39 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brito, J. P. et al. Levothyroxine use in the United States, 2008-2018. JAMA Intern. Med. 181, 1402–1405 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Medici, B. B. et al. Changes in prescription routines for treating hypothyroidism between 2001 and 2015: an observational study of 929,684 primary care patients in copenhagen. Thyroid 29, 910–919 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carle, A. et al. Does subclinical hypothyroidism add any symptoms? Evidence from a Danish population-based study. Am. J. Med. 134, 1115–1126.e1 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen, P. S., Brix, T. H., Sorensen, T. I., Kyvik, K. O. & Hegedüs, L. Major genetic influence on the regulation of the pituitary–thyroid axis: a study of healthy Danish twins. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 1181–1187 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Razvi, S. Thyroid-function reference ranges in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in adults. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 20, 253–254 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thvilum, M. et al. Type and extent of somatic morbidity before and after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. a nationwide register study. PLoS ONE 8, e75789 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thvilum, M. et al. Increased psychiatric morbidity before and after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism: a nationwide register study. Thyroid 24, 802–808 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Brix, T. H. & Hegedüs, L. Hypothyroidism is a predictor of disability pension and loss of labor market income: a Danish register-based study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 3129–3135 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel, M. et al. Persistent physical symptoms reduction intervention: a system change and evaluation (PRINCE)-integrated GP care for persistent physical symptoms: protocol for a feasibility and cluster randomised waiting list, controlled trial. BMJ Open. 9, e025513 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. et al. Identifying the top research priorities in medically not yet explained symptoms (MNYES): a James Lind Alliance priority setting partnership. BMJ Open. 12, e061263 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henningsen, P., Zipfel, S. & Herzog, W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet 369, 946–955 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lipowski, Z. J. Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. Am. J. Psychiatry 145, 1358–1368 (1988).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. & van Dyck, R. The notion of somatization: an artefact of the conceptualization of body and mind. Psychother. Psychosom. 66, 117–127 (1997).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Eck van der Sluijs, J. et al. Medically unexplained and explained physical symptoms in the general population: association with prevalent and incident mental disorders. PLoS ONE 10, e0123274 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swanson, L. M., Hamilton, J. C. & Feldman, M. D. Physician-based estimates of medically unexplained symptoms: a comparison of four case definitions. Fam. Pract. 27, 487–493 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korber, S., Frieser, D., Steinbrecher, N. & Hiller, W. Classification characteristics of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 for screening somatoform disorders in a primary care setting. J. Psychosom. Res. 71, 142–147 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaille, M. “Patient’s lived experience”: new insights from the “scene” of deep-brain stimulation medical care. Med. Health Care Philos. 22, 339–342 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michaelsson, L. F. et al. Treating hypothyroidism with thyroxine/triiodothyronine combination therapy in Denmark: following guidelines or following trends? Eur. Thyroid. J. 4, 174–180 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitchell, A. L., Hegedüs, L., Zarkovic, M., Hickey, J. L. & Perros, P. Patient satisfaction and quality of life in hypothyroidism: an online survey by the British Thyroid Foundation. Clin. Endocrinol. 94, 513–520 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Perros, P. & Hegedüs, L. Enhanced well-being associated with thyrotoxicosis: a neglected effect of thyroid hormones? Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 20, e127230 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perros, P. et al. Hypothyroidism and somatization: results from e-mode patient self-assessment of thyroid therapy, a cross-sectional, international online patient survey. Thyroid 33, 927–939 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perros, P. et al. Hypothyroidism and type D personality: results from E-MPATHY, a cross-sectional International online patient survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae140 (2024).

Negro, R. et al. Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients; the 2019 Italian Survey. Eur. Thyroid. J. 9, 25–31 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borissova, A.-M. et al. Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: a THESIS questionnaire survey of Bulgarian physicians. Endocrinologia 25, 229–309 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Niculescu, D. A. et al. Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: a Thesis* questionnaire survey of Romanian physicians *Thesis: treatment of hypothyroidism in Europe by specialists: an international survey. Acta Endocrinol. 16, 462–469 (2020).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Riis, K. R. et al. Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: A 2020 THESIS questionnaire survey of members of the Danish Endocrine Society. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 44, 2435–2444 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central