Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A, Lorenzoni V, Cabasag C, Laversanne M, et al. Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN. Gut. 2023;72(2):338–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mediu N, Mediu R, Alimehmeti R. Risk factors of colorectal cancer in hospitalized patients in regional hospital Durrës. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022;10(B):222–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alrubaie A, Alkhalidi N, Abd-Alhusain S. A clinical study of newly-diagnosed colorectal cancer over 2 years in a gastroenterology center in Iraq. J Coloproctol (Rio de Janeiro). 2019;39:217–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lin G, Feng Z, Liu H, Li Y, Nie Y, Liang Y, et al. Mass screening for colorectal cancer in a population of two million older adults in Guangzhou. China Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):1–8.

Google Scholar 

Kheirelseid EA, Miller N, Kerin MJ. Molecular biology of colorectal cancer: review of the literature. Am J Mol Biol. 2013;3:72-80.

Article  Google Scholar 

McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Wong EW, Chang F et al. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Res. 2007;1773(8):1263–84.

Voutsadakis IA. KRAS mutated colorectal cancers with or without PIK3CA mutations: Clinical and molecular profiles inform current and future therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2023:103987.

Itatani Y, Kawada K, Sakai Y. Transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in colorectal cancer and its tumor microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5822.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blanes-Vidal V, Baatrup G, Nadimi ES. Addressing priority challenges in the detection and assessment of colorectal polyps from capsule endoscopy and colonoscopy in colorectal cancer screening using machine learning. Acta Oncol. 2019;58(sup1):S29–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin J, Cai D, Li W, Yu T, Mao H, Jiang S, et al. Plasma circular RNA panel acts as a novel diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clin Biochem. 2019;74:60–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pesta M, Kucera R, Topolcan O, Karlikova M, Houfkova K, Polivka J, et al. Plasma microRNA levels combined with CEA and CA19-9 in the follow-up of colorectal cancer patients. Cancers. 2019;11(6):864.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang BA, Westerhof TM, Sabin K, Merajver SD, Aguilar CA. Engineered tools to study intercellular communication. Adv Sci. 2021;8(3):2002825.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Allegra A, Di Gioacchino M, Cancemi G, Casciaro M, Petrarca C, Musolino C, et al. Specialized intercellular communications via tunnelling nanotubes in acute and chronic leukemia. Cancers. 2022;14(3):659.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto T, Kosaka N, Ochiya T. Latest advances in extracellular vesicles: from bench to bedside. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2019;20(1):746–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Battistelli M, Falcieri E. Apoptotic bodies: particular extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Biology. 2020;9(1):21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Börger V, Dittrich R, Staubach S, Zumegen S, Horn P, Giebel B. Tangential flow filtration, a potential method for the scaled preparation of extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy. 2019;21(5):S57.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP. Exosomes as promising nanostructures in diabetes mellitus: from insulin sensitivity to ameliorating diabetic complications. Int J Nanomedicine2022;17:1229–53. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s350250.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Yu F, Li P, Wang K. Emerging function and clinical significance of exosomal circRNAs in cancer. Mol Ther-Nucleic Acids. 2020;21:367–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng J, Meng J, Zhu L, Peng Y. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in Glioma: biological functions and potential clinical applications. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gurunathan S, Kang M-H, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim J-H. Review of the isolation, characterization, biological function, and multifarious therapeutic approaches of exosomes. Cells. 2019;8(4):307.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosokawa K, Ishimaru H, Watanabe T, Fujimuro M. The lysosome pathway degrades CD81 on the cell surface by poly-ubiquitination and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biol Pharm Bull. 2020;43(3):540–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun LX, Qian H, Liu MY, Wu MH, Wei YY, Zhu XM, et al. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport-0 (ESCRT-0) are essential for fungal development, pathogenicity, autophagy and ER-phagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol. 2022;24(3):1076–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Meng L, Li B, Li Y, Shen T, Zhao B. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to regulation and function in cancers. J Oncol. 2022;2022.

Buratta S, Tancini B, Sagini K, Delo F, Chiaradia E, Urbanelli L, et al. Lysosomal exocytosis, exosome release and secretory autophagy: the autophagic-and endo-lysosomal systems go extracellular. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2576.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Biava PM. Exosomes and cell communication: from tumour-derived exosomes and their role in tumour progression to the use of exosomal cargo for cancer treatment. Cancers. 2021;13(4):822.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Corbett AL, Taatizadeh E, Tasnim N, Little JP, Garnis C et al. Challenges and opportunities in exosome research—perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioeng. 2019;3(1).

Liu J, Ren L, Li S, Li W, Zheng X, Yang Y, et al. The biology, function, and applications of exosomes in cancer. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2021;11(9):2783–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Di Gioacchino M, Della Valle L, Allegra A, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. AllergoOncology: role of immune cells and immune proteins. Clin Transl Allergy. 2022;12(3): e12133.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, et al. Precancer atlas to drive precision prevention trials. Can Res. 2017;77(7):1510–41.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mohammadi S, Yousefi F, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Mahjoubin Tehran M, Shafiee A, et al. Exosomes and cancer: from oncogenic roles to therapeutic applications. IUBMB Life. 2020;72(4):724–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Liu J, Ma J, Sun T, Zhou Q, Wang W, et al. Exosomal circRNAs: biogenesis, effect and application in human diseases. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):1–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu M, Zhou C, Weng J, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Gao J, et al. Tumor associated macrophages-derived exosomes facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma malignance by transferring lncMMPA to tumor cells and activating glycolysis pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41(1):1–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang B, Wang Y, Yan Z, Sun Y, Su C. Colorectal cancer cell-derived exosomes promote proliferation and decrease apoptosis by activating the ERK pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2019;12(7):2485.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He K, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Pan X, Si L, Lu J. Kras codon 12 mutation is associated with more aggressive invasiveness in synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer (Mcrc): Retrospective research. OncoTargets Ther. 2020:12601–13.

Awidi M, Ababneh N, Shomaf M, Al Fararjeh F, Owaidi L, AlKhatib M, et al. KRAS and NRAS mutational gene profile of metastatic colorectal cancer patients in Jordan. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(12): e0226473.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abudabous A, Drah M, Aldehmani M, Parker I, Alqawi O. KRAS mutations in patients with colorectal cancer in Libya. Mol Clin Oncol. 2021;15(4):1–6.

Article