Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, Tatsiopoulou P, Kaburlasos VG, Evangeliou AE. A pediatric patient with autism spectrum disorder and comorbid compulsive behaviors treated with robot-assisted relaxation: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(2): e22409.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Krebs G, Heyman I. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(5):495–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stewart E, Cancilliere MK, Freeman J, Wellen B, Garcia A, Sapyta J, Franklin M. Elevated autism spectrum disorder traits in young children with OCD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47(6):993–1001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ivarsson T, Melin K. Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(6):969–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meier SM, Petersen L, Schendel DE, Mattheisen M, Mortensen PB, Mors O. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorders: longitudinal and offspring risk. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11): e0141703.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keller R, Costa T, Imperiale D, Bianco A, Rondini E, Hassiotis A, Bertelli MO. Stereotypies in the autism spectrum disorder: can we rely on an ethological model? Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):762.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hollander E, Novotny S, Allen A, Aronowitz B, Cartwright C, DeCaria C. The relationship between repetitive behaviors and growth hormone response to sumatriptan challenge in adult autistic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22(2):163–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fineberg NA, Brown A, Reghunandanan S, Pampaloni I. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(8):1173–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dove D, Warren Z, McPheeters ML, Taylor JL, Sathe NA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Medications for adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):717–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sasayama D, Sugiyama N, Imai J, Hayashida A, Harada Y, Amano N. High-dose paroxetine treatment for an adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbid with Asperger’s disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(2):251.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Celik G, Tahiroglu AY, Firat S, Avci A. Aripiprazole improved obsessive compulsive symptoms in Asperger’s disorder. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2011;9(3):134–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernhardt EB, Walsh KH, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ. Memantine for comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and Asperger disorder suggests a link in glutamatergic dysregulation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(5):673–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hendriksen JG, Klinkenberg S, Collin P, Wong B, Niks EH, Vles JS. Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive compulsive behavior in a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and autism spectrum disorder: a case report. Neuromuscul Disord. 2016;26(10):659–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cawkwell P, Lawler A, Maneta E, Coffey BJ. Staying up at night: overlapping bipolar and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in an adolescent with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26(1):74–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gray J, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Ebrahim G, Cho D. Severe OCD exacerbation in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: a case report. Arch Clin Med Case Rep. 2021;5(3):388–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu ZA, Mu W, Osborne LM, Cordner ZA. Eighteen-year-old man with autism, obsessive compulsive disorder and a SHANK2 variant presents with severe anorexia that responds to high-dose fluoxetine. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018.

Poyraz Fındık OT, Gümüştaş F. Melatonin for restrictive repetitive behaviours in a young adult with autism: a case report. Psychiatr Danub. 2021;33(4):580–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akbas B, Akca OF. Treatment of a child with autism spectrum disorder and food refusal due to restricted and repetitive behaviors. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018;28(5):364–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollander E, Phillips A, Chaplin W, Zagursky K, Novotny S, Wasserman S, Iyengar R. A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(3):582–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollander E, Wasserman S, Swanson EN, Chaplin W, Schapiro ML, Zagursky K, Novotny S. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of olanzapine in childhood/adolescent pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(5):541–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wasserman S, Iyengar R, Chaplin WF, Watner D, Waldoks SE, Anagnostou E, et al. Levetiracetam versus placebo in childhood and adolescent autism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(6):363–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, et al. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(6):583–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kent JM, Kushner S, Ning X, Karcher K, Ness S, Aman M, et al. Risperidone dosing in children and adolescents with autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(8):1773–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chugani DC, Chugani HT, Wiznitzer M, Parikh S, Evans PA, Hansen RL, et al. Efficacy of low-dose buspirone for restricted and repetitive behavior in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2016;170:45–53.e1–4.

Reddihough DS, Marraffa C, Mouti A, O’Sullivan M, Lee KJ, Orsini F, et al. Effect of fluoxetine on obsessive-compulsive behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(16):1561–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Herscu P, Handen BL, Arnold LE, Snape MF, Bregman JD, Ginsberg L, et al. The SOFIA study: negative multi-center study of low dose fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(9):3233–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jobski K, Höfer J, Hoffmann F, Bachmann C. Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135(1):8–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geller DA, March J. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(1):98–113.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jassi AD, Vidal-Ribas P, Krebs G, Mataix-Cols D, Monzani B. Examining clinical correlates, treatment outcomes and mediators in young people with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(7):1201–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin AF, Jassi A, Cullen AE, Broadbent M, Downs J, Krebs G. Co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder in young people: prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29(11):1603–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gabriele S, Sacco R, Persico AM. Blood serotonin levels in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(6):919–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, Aghajanian GK, Heninger GR, Price LH. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(11):993–1000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruggeri B, Sarkans U, Schumann G, Persico AM. Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: the old and the new. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(6):1201–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meguid NA, Gebril OH, Khalil RO. A study of blood serotonin and serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism in Egyptian autistic children. Adv Biomed Res. 2015;4:94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chandana SR, Behen ME, Juhász C, Muzik O, Rothermel RD, Mangner TJ, et al. Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23(2–3):171–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boccuto L, Chen CF, Pittman AR, Skinner CD, McCartney HJ, Jones K, et al. Decreased tryptophan metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2013;4(1):16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aishworiya R, Valica T, Hagerman R, Restrepo B. An update on psychopharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19(1):248–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central