Evaluation of the Left Ventricular Myocardium Using Layer-Specific Strain Analysis in Adolescent Athletes Performing High-Intensity Interval Training

Norton K, Norton L, Sadgrove D (2010) Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. J Sci Med Sport 13:496–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kilen A, Larsson TH, Jørgensen M, Johansen L, Jørgensen S, Nordsborg NB (2014) Effects of 12 weeks high-intensity & reduced-volume training in elite athletes. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095025

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meyer P, Gayda M, Juneau M, Nigam A (2013) High-intensity aerobic interval exercise in chronic heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-013-0130-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellingsen Ø, Halle M, Conraads V, Støylen A, Dalen H, Delagardelle C, Larsen AI, Hole T, Mezzani A, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Videm V, Beckers P, Christle JW, Winzer E, Mangner N, Woitek F, Höllriegel R, Pressler A, Monk-Hansen T, Snoer M, Feiereisen P, Valborgland T, Kjekshus J, Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Karlsen T, Prescott E, Linke A, SMARTEX Heart Failure Study (Study of Myocardial Recovery After Exercise Training in Heart Failure) Group (2017) High-intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 28;135(9):839–849. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022924

Buchheit M, Laursen PB, Kuhnle J, Ruch D, Renaud C, Ahmaidi S (2009) Game-based training in young elite handball players. Int J Sports Med 30(4):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1105943

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tønnessen E, Shalfawi SA, Haugen T, Enoksen E (2011) The effect of 40-m repeated sprint training on maximum sprinting speed, repeated sprint speed endurance, vertical jump, and aerobic capacity in young elite male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(9):2364–2370. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182023a65

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brosnan MJ, Rakhit D (2018) Differentiating athlete’s heart from cardiomyopathies—the left side. Heart Lung Circ 27(9):1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.297

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ancedy Y, Ederhy S, Jean ML, Nhan P, Soulat-Dufour L, Adavane-Scheuble S, Chauvet-Droit M, Boccara F, Cohen A (2020) Does layer-specific strain using speckle tracking echocardiography improve the assessment of left ventricular myocardial deformation? A review. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 113(11):721–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2020.05.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, Froelicher VF, Leon AS, Piña IL, Rodney R, Simons-Morton DA, Williams MA, Bazzarre T (2001) Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 104(14):1694–1740. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3901.095960

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, Solomon S, Spencer KT, St John Sutton M, Stewart W (2006) Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 7(2):79–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maron BJ (1986) Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 7(1):190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80282-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pellicia A, Maron B, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P (1991) The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Eng J Med 324(5):295–301. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199101313240504

Article  Google Scholar 

Beaumont A, Grace F, Richards J, Hough J, Oxborough D, Sculthorpe N (2017) Left ventricular speckle tracking-derived cardiac strain and cardiac twist mechanics in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. Sports Med 47(6):1145–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0644-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reisner SA, Lysyaskky P, Agmon Y, Mutlak D, Lessick J, Friedman Z (2004) Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17(6):630–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2004.02.011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi J, Pan C, Kong D, Cheng L, Shu X (2016) Left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential layer-specific myocardial strains and their determinants in healthy subjects. Echocardiography 33(4):510–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.13132

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leitman M, Lysiansky M, Lysyansky P, Friedman Z, Tyomkin V, Fuchs T, Adam D, Krakover R, Vered Z (2010) Circumferential and longitudinal strain in 3 myocardial layers in normal subjects and in patients with regional left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23(1):64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.10.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang Y, Xiao F, Chen H, Wang W, Shen L, Zhao H, Shen X, Chen F, He B (2018) Subclinical anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in long-term follow-up of lymphoma survivors: A multi-layer speckle tracking analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol 110(3):219–228. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180042

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim SA, Park SM, Kim MN, Shim WJ (2016) Assessment of left ventricular function by layer-specific strain and its relationship to structural remodeling in patients with hypertension. Can J Cardiol 32(2):211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.025

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okada K, Yamada S, Iwano H, Nishino H, Nakabachi M, Yokoyama S, Abe A, Ichikawa A, Kaga S, Nishida M, Hayashi T, Murai D, Mikami T, Tsutsui H (2015) Myocardial shortening in 3 orthogonal directions and its transmural variation in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J 79(11):2471–2479. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0646

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yılmaztepe MA, Uçar FM (2018) Layer-specific strain analysis in patients with suspected stable angina pectoris and apparently normal left ventricular function. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 16(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-018-0144-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caselli S, Montesanti D, Autore C, Di Paolo FM, Pisicchio C, Squeo MR, Musumeci B, Spataro A, Pandian NG, Pelliccia A (2015) Patterns of left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate in Olympic athletes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(2):245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eun LY, Chae HW (2016) Assessment of myocardial function in elite athlete’s heart at rest- 2D speckle tracking echocardiography in Korean elite soccer players. Sci Rep 6:39772. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39772

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Ascenzi F, Pelliccia A, Alvino F, Solari M, Loffreno A, Cameli M, Focardi M, Bonifazi M, Mondillo S (2015) Effects of training on LV strain in competitive athletes. Heart 101(22):1834–1839. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308189

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reckefuss N, Butz T, Horstkotte D, Faber L (2011) Evaluation of longitudinal and radial left ventricular function by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in a large cohort of normal probands. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27(4):515–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-010-9716-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang YC, Tsai HH, Fu TC, Hsu CC, Wang J (2019) High-intensity interval training improves left ventricular contractile function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51(7):1420–1428. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001931

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edwards JJ, Wiles JD, Vadaszy N, Taylor KA, O’Driscoll JM (2022) Left ventricular mechanical, cardiac autonomic and metabolic responses to a single session of high intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 122(2):383–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04840-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Driscoll JM, Wright SM, Taylor KA, Coleman DA, Sharma R, Wiles JD (2018) Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomized crossover-controlled study. J Appl Physiol 125(4):1030–1040. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2018

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan-Dewar F, Oxborough D, Shave R, Gregson W, Whyte G, George K (2010) Left ventricular myocardial strain and strain rates in sub-endocardial and sub-epicardial layers before and after a marathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 109(6):1191–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1469-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarvari SI, Haugaa KH, Zahid W, Bendz B, Aakhus S, Aaberge L, Edvardsen T (2013) Layer-specific quantification of myocardial deformation by strain echocardiography may reveal significant CAD in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(5):535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif