Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Data and statistics on congenital heart disease in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/data.html. Accessed 10 March 2022.

Gilboa SM, Devine OJ, Kucik JE, Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Nembhard WN, Xu P, Correa A, Jenkins K, Marelli AJ (2016) Congenital heart defects in the United States: estimating the magnitude of the affected population in 2010. Circulation 134(2):101–109. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.019307

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shanker A, Upadhyay P, Rangasamy V, Muralidhar K, Subramaniam B (2021) Impact of frailty in cardiac surgical patients-assessment, burden, and recommendations. Ann Card Anaesth 24(2):133–139. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_90_20

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Portal D, Hirsch R, Benderly M, Israeli Adult Congenital Heart Disease Reserch Group (2021) Increased prevalence of cardiac and non-cardiac chronic morbidity among adults with congenital heart disease. IJC Congenit Heart Dis 7:100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcchd.2021.100314

Article  Google Scholar 

Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 56(3):M146-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Checa-Lopez M, Oviedo-Briones M, Pardo-Gomez A, Gonzales-Turin J, Guevara-Guevara T, Carnicero JA, Alamo-Ascencio S, Landi F, Cesari M, Grodzicki T, Rodriguez-Manas L, FRAILTOOLS consortium, (2019) FRAILTOOLS study protocol: a comprehensive validation of frailty assessment tools to screen and diagnose frailty in different clinical and social settings and to provide instruments for integrated care in older adults. BMC Geriatr 19(1):86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1042-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K (2013) Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 381(9868):752–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Buth KJ, Martin BJ, Yip AM, Hirsch GM (2010) Frail patients are at increased risk for mortality and prolonged institutional care after cardiac surgery. Circulation 121(8):973–978. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.841437

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG, Park M, Kalyani RR, Xue QL, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R (2016) Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev 26:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McNallan SM, Singh M, Chamberlain AM, Kane RL, Dunlay SM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, Roger VL (2013) Frailty and healthcare utilization among patients with heart failure in the community. JACC Heart Fail. 1(2):135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2013.01.002

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, White HD, Prabhakaran D, Goodman SG, Cornel JH, Bhatt DL, Clemmensen P, Martinez F (2012) Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med. 367(14):1297–1309. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1205512

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Golba KS (2017) Frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 17(9):1313–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12868

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, Alexander KP, Bergman H (2009) Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Card 103(11):1616–1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.375

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Von Haehling S, Anker SD, Doehner W, Morley JE, Vellas B (2013) Frailty and heart disease. Int J Cardiol 168(3):1745–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.068

Article  Google Scholar 

Panchangam C, White DA, Goudar S, Birnbaum B, Malloy-Walton L, Gross-Toalson J, Reid KJ, Shirali G, Parthiban A (2020) Translation of the frailty paradigm from older adults to children with cardiac disease. Pediatr Cardiol 41(5):1031–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-020-02354-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lurz E, Quammie C, Englesbe M, Alonso EM, Lin HC, Hsu EK, Furuya KN, Gupta NA, Venkat VL, Daniel JF, Leonis MA, Miloh T, Telega GW, Yap J, Menendez J, Book LS, Himes RW, Sundaram SS, Parekh R, Sonnenday C, Bucuvalas J, Ng VL, Kamath BM (2018) Frailty in children with liver disease: a prospective multicenter study. J Pediatr 194:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.066

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geiger R, Strasak A, Treml B, Gasser K, Kleinsasser A, Fischer V, Geiger H, Loeckinger A, Stein JI (2007) Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 150(4):395–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

España-Romero V, Ortega FB, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Artero EG, Rey JP, Ruiz JR (2010) Elbow position affects handgrip strength in adolescents: validity and reliability of Jamar, DynEx, and TKK dynamometers. J Strength Cond Res 24(1):272–277. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b296a5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohannon RW, Wang YC, Bubela D, Gershon RC (2017) Handgrip strength: a population-based study of norms and age trajectories for 3- to 17-year-olds. Pediatr Phys Ther 29(2):118–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000366

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chou J (2012) PediTools: CDC skinfold 1.5 - 20 y. Centers for disease control: https://peditools.org/cdcskin/index.php. Accessed 10 March 2022

Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Wei R, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL (2002) 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11(246):1–190.

Google Scholar 

Voss C, Dean PH, Gardner RF, Duncombe SL, Harris KC (2017) Validity and reliability of the physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A) in individuals with congenital heart disease. PLoS ONE 12(4):e0175806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175806

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kowalski KC, Crocker PR, Donen RM (2004) The physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A) manual. Coll Kinesiol Univ Sask 87(1):1–38

Google Scholar 

Kowalski KC, Crocker PR, Faulkner RA (1997) Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 9(2):174–186. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.2.174

Article  Google Scholar 

Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M (2006) The PedsQL 4.0 as a school population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Qual Life Res 15(2):203–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-1388-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Byrne ML, Kim S, Hornik CP, Yerokun BA, Matsouaka RA, Jacobs JP, Jacobs ML, Jonas RA (2017) Effect of obesity and underweight status on perioperative outcomes of congenital heart operations in children, adolescents, and young adults: an analysis of data from the society of thoracic surgeons database. Circulation 136(8):704–718. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026778

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M, Skarr D (2003) The Pedsql 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Ambul. Pediatr. 3(6):329–341. https://doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Austria, Vienna

Google Scholar 

Wasserstein RL, Schirm AL, Lazar NA (2019) Moving to a world beyond “p< 0.05.” Am Stat 73(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913

Article  Google Scholar 

McShane BB, Gal D, Gelman A, Robert C, Tackett JL (2019) Abandon statistical significance. Am Stat 73(1):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1527253

Article  Google Scholar 

Amrhein V, Greenland S, McShane B (2019) Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 567(7748):305–307. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sgambat K, Matheson MB, Hooper SR, Warady B, Furth S, Moudgil A (2019) Prevalence and outcomes of fragility: a frailty-inflammation phenotype in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 34(12):2563–2569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04313-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McAdams-DeMarco MA, Ying H, Thomas AG, Warsame F, Shaffer AA, Haugen CE, Garonzik-Wang JM, Desai NM, Varadhan R, Walston J (2018) Frailty, inflammatory markers, and waitlist mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease in a prospective cohort study. Transplantation 102(10):1740. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002213

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panepinto JA, Torres S, Bendo CB, McCavit TL, Dinu B, Sherman-Bien S, Bemrich-Stolz C, vVarni JW, (2014) PedsQL™ multidimensional fatigue scale in sickle cell disease: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61(1):171–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.24776

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bervoets L, Van Noten C, Van Roosbroeck S, Hansen D, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Verheyen E, Van Hal G, Vankerckhoven V (2014) Reliability and validity of the Dutch physical activity questionnaires for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). Arch Public Health 72(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-3258-72-47

Article  Google Scholar 

Diller G-P, Dimopoulos K, Okonko D, Uebing A, Broberg CS, Babu-Narayan S, Bayne S, Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton R, Francis DP (2006) Heart rate response during exercise predicts survival in adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(6):1250–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.051

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diller GP, Dimopoulos K, Okonko D, Li W, Babu-Narayan SV, Broberg CS, Johansson B, Bouzas B, Mullen MJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA (2005) Exercise intolerance in adult congenital heart disease: comparative severity, correlates, and prognostic implication. Circulation 112(6):828–835. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.104.529800

Article